Building paints: types, applications and standards

What is the role of painting?

Painting in the building goes far beyond the aesthetic aspect: it fulfills essential technical functions.

Material protection

By creating a moisture barrier, it protects porous materials such as concrete, plaster or wood from water infiltration. It thus limits cracks, efflorescence and mold. It also neutralizes the harmful effects of UV rays responsible for the alteration of the facades.

In industrial or marine environments, anti-corrosion coatings preserve metal structures and considerably increase their longevity. Some formulations are resistant to aggressive chemicals and meet the specific needs of factories and laboratories.

Safety and standards

In public buildings and industry, intumescent coatings slow the progression of the flames, while road markings regulate traffic in passage areas.

The formulations antibacterial and antifungal guarantee hygiene in healthcare facilities and professional kitchens.

Protection and maintenance

Faced with daily aggressions, a suitable coating strengthens resistance surfaces to impacts and wear, particularly in high-traffic areas such as schools or building lobbies.

The washable qualities of certain paints simplify maintenance and ensure lasting cleanliness in places requiring regular cleaning. This durability optimizes costs by spacing out renovations.

Aesthetics and design

Beyond these technical aspects, painting contributes to enhance the architecture and to create harmonious atmospheresThe varied finishes allow you to modulate the atmosphere, while the light shades optimize natural light.

Decorative innovations now offer a range of effects and textures, from metallic aspects to lime plasters. They offer designers multiple possibilities of personalization.

The main types of paints 

Choosing the right paint can seem complex when faced with the diversity of compositions and finishes availableUnderstanding the main families of paints allows you to better guide your decision.

Aqueous phase or solvent phase?

Two main families stand out: paintings in aqueous phase, dilutable in water, and those in solvent phase, requiring chemical solvents.

Water-based paint is more respectful of the environment and healthIt has little odor, dries quickly, and does not require toxic solvents. Its covering power is sometimes limited, with less resistance to attack.

Solvent-based paint stands out for its its strong adhesion and durabilityIt excels on demanding surfaces: facades, industrial floors and damp rooms. However, it has two major drawbacks: a strong odor and a prolonged drying time.

Water-based paints

Popular for the interior work, these paints combine ease of application and environmental friendliness.

Acrylic paint

The most common of modern paints, acrylic seduces with its ease of application and  fast drying. Its low VOC emissions make it an environmentally friendly solution. Suitable for most surfaces, it offers different finishes (matte, satin, glossy). Its main limitation remains sometimes insufficient covering power, which requires the application of several layers. It is the ideal choice for living spaces.

Vinyl paint

Vinyl paint is mainly intended for undercoats and decorative effectsIt adheres particularly well to porous surfaces such as plaster, but has two limitations: it yellows over time and is not very resistant to washing.

Alkyd paint

This hybrid painting combines the qualities of acrylics - low odor and quick drying - at the glycerol resistance. Available primarily in water-based form, it is suitable for high-traffic areas such as kitchens, bathrooms and hallways. It is also available in solvent-based form, offering superior durability at the cost of a more demanding application.

Siloxane paint

Formulated with siloxane resins, this paint combines exceptional breathability et high resistance to UV and waterThese properties make it the ideal solution for protecting facades and surfaces exposed to the elements.

Water-based pliolite paint

A modern version of traditional pliolites, this coating combines remarkable adhesion et effective protection against external aggressions. Its aqueous formulation significantly reduces VOC emissions.

Bio-sourced paints

The use of natural raw materials (algae, flax, etc.) makes it possible to obtain paints more environmentally friendlyThese new generation formulations combine technical performance and minimal ecological impact, while guaranteeing very low VOC emissions. Particularly suitable for demanding interior projects a comprehensive environmental approach.

Lime paint

The combination of air lime and water gives this paint properties naturally antibacterialIts optimal permeability to water vapor makes it suitable for interior walls of damp or traditional buildings.

Clay painting

This ecological solution, free of VOCs, is attractive for its authentic matte finish and environmental qualitiesIt fits perfectly into sustainable construction projects.

Solvent-based paints

These coatings are distinguished by their exceptional robustness, at the cost of a more demanding application. Their formulation based on chemical solvents reserves them to particularly stressed environments.

Glycero paint

This glycerophthalic resin-based paint is characterized by its taut finish et its remarkable covering power. Particularly resistant to humidity and impacts, it effectively protects kitchens, bathrooms and woodwork. However, its use requires suitable ventilation due to its strong odor and toxicity.

Epoxy paint

Champion of the impact resistance, chemicals and stains, this paint is essential for industrial floors and technical roomsIts delicate implementation requires expertise and speed of execution, particularly when incorporating the hardener.

Polyurethane paint

This technical coating is distinguished by its glossy or lacquered finish and its excellent protection against external aggressionsAvailable in water-based or solvent-based versions, it effectively protects exposed surfaces, floors and industrial equipment. Its delicate implementation requires special precautions: long drying time et significant toxicity.

Chlorinated paint (chlorinated rubber)

This formulation based on chlorinated resins offers a exceptional resistance to water and chemicalsIts scope of application extends from road markings to aquatic equipment, including maritime environments.

Bituminous paint

The combination of bitumen and solvents gives this paint remarkable water-repellent and anti-corrosion propertiesIt ensures the waterproofing of foundations and the protection of metal structures exposed to bad weather.

Cellulose paint (nitrocellulose)

This specialist in impeccable finishes combines ultra-fast drying et perfectly smooth appearanceAlthough little used in construction, it remains essential in bodywork and cabinetmaking for high-end renderings.

Paint based on silicone resins

Designed for extreme environments, it effectively protects surfaces exposed to intense heat. Its field of application covers industrial installations, from boilers to chimneys, including motorized equipment.

Innovative paints

These innovative paints, mainly formulated in aqueous phase, are distinguished by specific features resulting from the latest technological advancesThey meet specific needs in terms of maintenance, environment or energy performance.

Self-cleaning paints

The incorporation of hydrophobic nanoparticles gives these paintings self-cleaning properties : raindrops slide off the surface, carrying dust and dirt with them. This technology significantly reduces the frequency and cost of cleaning, particularly on facades exposed to urban pollution.

Anti-pollution paints

These paints incorporate active components which capture and decompose the main pollutants atmospheric emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds. Certified by labels such as Excell Zone Verte, they contribute to air purification in sensitive spaces such as healthcare facilities or children's bedrooms.

Thermal paints

The addition of hollow glass microspheres creates an insulating effect that limits heat exchange. This barrier improves the comfort of occupants throughout the year: it retains heat in winter and keeps cool in summer, thus contributing to the energy efficiency of the building.

These paintings represent the major references in the construction industry, to which are added specialized technical solutions.

Paints according to their uses

The values ​​in this table are indicative and prices do not include labor. Specifications vary depending on the manufacturer and their product range. Performance, drying, and strength also depend on application conditions (surface porosity, temperature, humidity, etc.). Always consult product data sheets before purchasing.

How to choose the right paint?

The selection of a building painting requires taking into account multiple technical, regulatory and environmental criteriaA choice adapted to the constraints of the site guarantees durability and performance of the treated surfaces.

Essential technical criteria

The type of support

Each material need a suitable formulationConcrete, plaster, metal, wood or PVC require specific paints to ensure optimal adhesion and protection.

The conditions of exposure

Indoors, the paints must adapt to the part characteristics, whether dry or wet, with particular attention to washability and stain resistance.

For outdoors, the coatings must face to UV rays, bad weather, temperature variations and pollution.

In humid environments such as bathrooms, kitchens or exposed facades, it is advisable to favor water-repellent and anti-mold paints, often enriched with fungicidal agents.

In an industrial environment, paints face particularly demanding constraints: they must resist mechanical, thermal and chemical attacks. Factory and warehouse floors require highly resistant coatings, while some sensitive environments require antistatic paints to avoid any risk of electric shock.

The different types of resistance

La chemical resistance proves essential for surfaces exposed to corrosive products, particularly in hospitals and laboratories.

La thermal resistance becomes necessary for surfaces subjected to high temperatures. Some formulations withstand more than 600°C, meeting the needs of industrial ovens.

La mechanical resistance is fundamental for industrial floors and high-traffic areas, where the coatings must withstand impacts, abrasion and the passage of heavy machinery.

Application and maintenance

Le drying time constitutes a determining criterion, particularly in occupied spaces such as hospitals or shops, where activity cannot be interrupted for long.

A good grip guarantees paint durability and prevents flaking problems.

For establishments open to the public and busy areas, washable paints ou self-cleaning offer a practical solution. Formulations incorporating hydrophobic nanoparticles limit dust accumulation and facilitate cleaning.

Regulations and standards in force

The paintings must meet strict standards concerning fire safety, environmental protection and indoor air quality.

Fire safety

In France, the standard NF P92-507 classifies materials according to their reaction to fire, from M0 (incombustible) to M4At European level, the Euroclasses (EN 13501-1) establish a scale ranging from A1 (incombustible) to F (highly flammable).

 intumescent paints constitute a specific solution: they swell under the effect of heat. They thus protect metal, wood or concrete structures against the spread of flames. In addition, flame retardant paints, frequently used on wood and textiles in public buildings, slows combustion without any swelling effect.

Environmental protection and air quality

Environmental standards limit the impact of paints on health and the environment, in particular by regulating VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions.

• The European Ecolabel certifies low environmental impact with strict restrictions on solvents and VOCs.
• In France, the NF Environment label attests to compliance with strict ecological and health criteria.
• La European directive 2004/42/EC defines the maximum VOC thresholds permitted in building paints.
• La A+ classification indicates the lowest level of emissions of substances harmful to indoor air.

Specific applications

These requirements constitute a common regulatory base, but certain sectors impose additional standards. 

Paints intended for medical, food or road marking environments must meet particular constraints : antibacterial properties, food compatibility or resistance to hydrocarbons. 

Each project therefore requires a precise verification of applicable regulations.

Application and maintenance of construction paints 

The performance and durability of a paint is based on three pillars: the preparation of the support, the application method and regular maintenance. Improper execution of any of these steps results in premature degradation of the coating.

Surface preparation 

The quality of the preparation conditions adhesion and longevity painting. This step begins with a thorough cleaning to remove dirt, grease and dust. On exterior surfaces, high-pressure cleaning is often necessary.

Sanding or stripping fits the support: 

• Leveling of wooden surfaces,
• Removal of rust from metals,
• Removal of old peeling paint on walls and ceilings.

Applying a primer then optimizes adhesion. On porous surfaces, it regulates absorption. On smooth surfaces, it promotes adhesion. On already painted surfaces, it evens out the colors.

Application methods 

Le roll suitable for large flat surfaces, providing speed and uniformity in cross passes. gun, ideal for facades and metal surfaces, requires precise dilution and technical expertise. The brush remains essential for complex areas, angles and careful finishes.

Le respect drying times between layers prevents defects such as blistering or peeling.

Maintenance of coatings 

Un regular maintenance Preserves the technical and aesthetic qualities of the paint. Washable interior surfaces can be cleaned with a damp sponge and mild detergent. Facades require periodic cleaning to remove pollution and dirt.

 occasional retouching must be carried out with the same product to avoid differences in shade. Technical paints require special monitoring to ensure their effectiveness.

La frequency of renovations varies according to use: 5 to 10 years indoors, 10 to 15 years for facades, and according to wear for industrial floors and parking lots.