Building paints: types, applications and standards

What is the role of painting?

Painting in the building industry goes far beyond aesthetics: it fulfills essential technical functions.

Material protection

By creating a moisture barrier , it protects porous materials such as concrete, plaster, or wood from water infiltration. This limits cracking, efflorescence, and mold growth. It also neutralizes the harmful effects of UV rays that cause facade deterioration.

In industrial or marine environments, anti-corrosion coatings protect metal structures and significantly increase their lifespan. Some formulations resist aggressive chemicals and meet the specific needs of factories and laboratories.

Safety and standards

In public buildings and industry, intumescent coatings slow the progression of flames , while floor markings regulate traffic in passage areas.

Antibacterial and antifungal formulations ensure hygiene in healthcare facilities and professional kitchens.

Protection and maintenance

Faced with daily aggressions, a suitable coating reinforces the resistance of surfaces to impacts and wear, particularly in high-traffic areas such as schools or building lobbies.

The washable properties of certain paints simplify maintenance and ensure lasting cleanliness in areas requiring regular cleaning. This durability optimizes costs by reducing the frequency of renovations.

Aesthetics and design

Beyond these technical aspects, paint helps to enhance architecture and create harmonious atmospheres . A variety of finishes allows for the modulation of moods, while light colors optimize natural light.

Decorative innovations now offer a range of effects and textures , from metallic finishes to lime plasters. They offer designers multiple possibilities for personalization.

The main types of paints 

Choosing the right paint can seem complex given the wide variety of compositions and finishes available . Understanding the main paint categories will help you make a more informed decision.

Aqueous phase or solvent phase?

Two main families stand out: water-based paints , which can be diluted with water, and solvent-based paints , which require chemical solvents.

Water-based paint is more environmentally friendly and healthier . It has little odor, dries quickly, and doesn't require toxic solvents. However, its coverage can sometimes be limited, and it may be less resistant to wear and tear.

Solvent-based paint stands out for its strong adhesion and durability . It excels on demanding surfaces: facades, industrial floors, and damp rooms. However, it has two major drawbacks: a strong odor and a long drying time.

Water-based paints

Popular for interior work , these paints combine ease of application and environmental respect.

Acrylic paint

The most common of modern paints, acrylic is appealing due to its ease of application and quick drying time . Its low VOC emissions make it an environmentally friendly solution. Suitable for most surfaces, it offers various finishes (matte, satin, gloss). Its main limitation is sometimes insufficient coverage , requiring the application of several coats. It stands out as the ideal choice for living spaces.

Vinyl paint

Vinyl paint is primarily intended for undercoats and decorative effects . It adheres particularly well to porous surfaces such as plaster, but has two limitations: it yellows over time and does not withstand washing well.

Alkyd paint

This hybrid paint combines the qualities of acrylics —low odor and quick drying—with the durability of alkyd paints . Primarily available in water-based formulas, it is suitable for high-traffic areas such as kitchens, bathrooms, and hallways. A solvent-based formula is also available, offering superior durability at the cost of a more demanding application process.

Siloxane paint

Formulated with siloxane resins, this paint combines exceptional breathability with high resistance to UV rays and water . These properties make it the ideal solution for protecting facades and surfaces exposed to the elements.

Water-based pliolite paint

A modern version of traditional pliolites, this coating combines remarkable adhesion with effective protection against external elements. Its water-based formulation significantly reduces VOC emissions.

Bio-sourced paints

The use of natural raw materials (algae, flax, etc.) allows for more environmentally friendly paints . These new-generation formulations combine technical performance with minimal ecological impact, while guaranteeing very low VOC emissions. They are particularly well-suited to interior projects requiring a strong environmental approach.

Lime paint

The combination of air lime and water gives this paint naturally antibacterial properties . Its optimal water vapor permeability makes it ideal for interior walls of damp or traditional buildings.

Clay painting

This eco-friendly, VOC-free solution impresses with its authentic matte finish and environmental qualities . It integrates perfectly into sustainable construction projects.

Solvent-based paints

These coatings are distinguished by their exceptional robustness , at the cost of more demanding application. Their chemical solvent-based formulation makes them suitable only for particularly demanding environments.

Glycero paint

This glycerophthalic resin-based paint is characterized by its smooth finish and remarkable coverage . Particularly resistant to moisture and impacts, it effectively protects kitchens, bathrooms, and woodwork. However, its use requires adequate ventilation due to its strong odor and toxicity.

Epoxy paint

A champion of resistance to impacts , chemicals, and stains, this paint is ideal for industrial floors and technical rooms . Its delicate application requires expertise and speed of execution, particularly during the incorporation of the hardener.

Polyurethane paint

This technical coating is distinguished by its glossy or lacquered finish and excellent protection against external elements . Available in water-based or solvent-based versions, it effectively protects exposed surfaces, floors, and industrial equipment. Its delicate application requires special precautions: long drying time and significant toxicity.

Chlorinated paint (chlorinated rubber)

This formulation, based on chlorinated resins, offers exceptional resistance to water and chemicals . Its range of applications extends from road markings to aquatic equipment, including marine environments.

Bituminous paint

The combination of bitumen and solvents gives this paint remarkable water-repellent and anti-corrosion properties . It ensures the waterproofing of foundations and the protection of metal structures exposed to the elements.

Cellulose paint (nitrocellulose)

This specialist in impeccable finishes combines ultra-fast drying with a perfectly smooth appearance . Although not widely used in construction, it remains essential in bodywork and cabinetmaking for high-end results.

Paint based on silicone resins

Designed for extreme environments , it effectively protects surfaces exposed to intense heat. Its applications cover industrial installations, from boilers and chimneys to motorized equipment.

Innovative paints

These innovative paints, primarily formulated in water-based form, are distinguished by specific functionalities resulting from the latest technological advances . They meet precise needs in terms of maintenance, environment, or energy performance.

Self-cleaning paints

The incorporation of hydrophobic nanoparticles gives these paints self-cleaning properties : raindrops slide off the surface, carrying away dust and dirt. This technology significantly reduces the frequency and cost of cleaning, particularly on facades exposed to urban pollution.

Anti-pollution paints

These paints incorporate active components that capture and break down major air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds. Certified by labels such as Excell Zone Verte, they contribute to air quality improvement in sensitive areas such as healthcare facilities and children's bedrooms.

Thermal paints

The addition of hollow glass microspheres creates an insulating effect that limits heat exchange. This barrier improves occupant comfort throughout the year: it retains heat in winter and keeps the building cool in summer , thus contributing to the building's energy efficiency.

These paints represent the major references in the construction industry , complemented by specialized technical solutions.

Paints according to their uses

The values ​​in this table are indicative and prices do not include labor. Specifications vary depending on the manufacturer and their product range. Performance, drying, and strength also depend on application conditions (surface porosity, temperature, humidity, etc.). Always consult product data sheets before purchasing.

How to choose the right paint?

Selecting a building paint requires consideration of multiple technical, regulatory, and environmental criteria . A choice tailored to the site's constraints guarantees the durability and performance of the treated surfaces.

Essential technical criteria

The type of support

Each material requires a specific formulation . Concrete, plaster, metal, wood, or PVC require specific paints to ensure optimal adhesion and protection.

The conditions of exposure

Indoors , paints must be adapted to the characteristics of the rooms , whether dry or humid, with particular attention to washability and stain resistance.

For outdoor use , coatings must withstand UV rays, weathering, temperature variations, and pollution.

In humid environments such as bathrooms, kitchens or exposed facades, it is advisable to use water-repellent and anti-mold paints , often enriched with fungicides.

In industrial settings , paints face particularly demanding constraints: they must withstand mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses. Factory and warehouse floors require highly resistant coatings , while certain sensitive environments necessitate antistatic paints to prevent any risk of electrical discharge.

The different types of resistance

Chemical resistance is essential for surfaces exposed to corrosive products, particularly in hospitals and laboratories.

Thermal resistance becomes necessary for surfaces subjected to high temperatures. Some formulations can withstand temperatures exceeding 600°C, meeting the requirements of industrial furnaces.

Mechanical resistance is fundamental for industrial floors and high-traffic areas, where coatings must withstand impacts, abrasion, and the passage of heavy machinery.

Application and maintenance

Drying time is a determining factor, particularly in occupied spaces such as hospitals or shops, where activity cannot be interrupted for long periods.

Good adhesion ensures the durability of the paint and prevents peeling problems.

For public buildings and high-traffic areas, washable or self-cleaning paints offer a practical solution. Formulations incorporating hydrophobic nanoparticles limit dust accumulation and facilitate cleaning.

Regulations and standards in force

Paints must meet strict standards regarding fire safety, environmental protection and indoor air quality.

Fire safety

In France, the NF P92-507 standard classifies materials according to their reaction to fire, from M0 (non-combustible) to M4 . At the European level, the Euroclasses (EN 13501-1) establish a scale ranging from A1 (non-combustible) to F (highly flammable).

Intumescent paints offer a specific solution: they swell when exposed to heat. This protects metal, wood, or concrete structures from the spread of flames. In addition, flame-retardant paints , frequently used on wood and textiles in public buildings, slow combustion without causing swelling.

Environmental protection and air quality

Environmental standards limit the impact of paints on health and the environment , particularly by regulating VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions.

• The European Ecolabel certifies low environmental impact with strict restrictions on solvents and VOCs.
• In France, the NF Environment label attests to compliance with strict ecological and health criteria.
• La European directive 2004/42/EC defines the maximum VOC thresholds permitted in building paints.
• La A+ classification indicates the lowest level of emissions of substances harmful to indoor air.

Specific applications

These requirements form a common regulatory framework, but some sectors impose additional standards.

Paints intended for medical, food or road marking environments must meet specific requirements : antibacterial properties, food compatibility or resistance to hydrocarbons.

Each project therefore requires a precise verification of the applicable regulations.

Application and maintenance of construction paints 

The performance and durability of a paint finish depend on three pillars: surface preparation , application method , and regular maintenance . Poor execution of any of these steps leads to premature degradation of the coating.

Surface preparation 

The quality of the preparation determines the adhesion and longevity of the paint. This step begins with a thorough cleaning to remove dirt, grease, and dust. On exterior surfaces, high-pressure cleaning is often necessary.

Sanding or stripping is adapted to the surface:

• Leveling of wooden surfaces,
• Removal of rust from metals,
• Removal of old peeling paint on walls and ceilings.

Applying a primer then optimizes adhesion. On porous surfaces, it regulates absorption. On smooth surfaces, it promotes adhesion. On previously painted surfaces, it evens out the colors.

Application methods 

The roller is suitable for large, flat surfaces, offering speed and uniformity with cross-coat application. The spray gun , ideal for facades and metal surfaces, requires precise dilution and technical expertise. The brush remains essential for complex areas, corners, and fine finishes.

Respecting drying times between coats prevents defects such as blistering or peeling.

Maintenance of coatings 

Regular maintenance preserves the technical and aesthetic qualities of the paint. Washable interior surfaces can be cleaned with a damp sponge and mild detergent. Facades require periodic cleaning to remove pollution and dirt.

Touch -ups should be done with the same product to avoid color variations. Technical paints require special attention to ensure their effectiveness.

The frequency of renovations varies according to use: 5 to 10 years indoors, 10 to 15 years for facades, and according to wear and tear for industrial floors and parking lots.